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LECTURE  OUTLINES--SECTION  2--CHAPTERS  20  &  21

 CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD:  1500-1800
 
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
  • Three Great Islamic Empires
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Safavid Empire
  • Mughal Empire
  • Rise and Decline
 
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
  • The Rise of the Ottomans
  • Golden Age—Selim I (r. 1512-1520) & Süleyman (r. 1520-1566)
  • Organization of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ottoman Weaknesses
  • Foreign Policy
  • 18th Century Ottoman Empire & Decline
 
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:
  • Origins of the Safavids
  • Shah Isma’il I, (r. 1501-1524)
  • Shi’ite Ideology
  • Empire in Chaos—Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576)
  • Abbas I, (r. 1587-1629)
  • Safavid Economy
  • Safavid Decline
 
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:
  • Rise of the Mughal--Babur (1483-1530)
  • Reign of Humayun (r. 1530-1556)
  • Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Regency of Bayran Khan, Administration & Culture/“Divine Faith”
  • Period of Internal Strife:
  • Jahangir (1605-1627)
  • Shah Jahan (1627-1658) & Culture
  • Awrangzeb (1658-1707) & Resistance
  • Decline of Mughals/European Dominance
 
  
CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES 
 
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION: 
  • 1500s:  Europeans’ World View 
  • Influence on Science and Philosophy 
1)  Reliance on Own Intellect 
2)  Utilitarian Use of Knowledge 
3)  Universe Rational, Not Supernatural 
 
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES: 
1.  Exploration of the Americas 
2.  Helio-Centric Solar System 
 
IMPORTANT PERSONS: 
1.  Copernicus 
2.  Brahe 
3.  Kepler 
4.  Galileo 
5.  Newton 
 
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:” 
  • Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System 
  • Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System 
  • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations 
  • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits 
  • Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational 
  • Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations 
  • René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine 
 
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): 
  • Early Discoveries 
  • Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687) 
  • Implications: 
 
SCIENCE AND RELIGION: 
  • Scientists not Anti-Religious 
  • New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans 
  • Implications 
 
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT” 
 
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: 
  • Rational Approach to Thought 
  • Assumptions: 
1)  Triumph of the Natural over the Supernatural 
2)  Scientific Method 
3)  Perfectibility of Humans 
  • Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t” 
 
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY: 
  • Newton & the Scientific Method 
  • John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government” 
  • 1690:  Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa” 
 
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS: 
  • Emphasis on Reason/Logic 
  • Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship 
  • Problems in France 
 
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”: 
  • Voltaire (1694-1778):  Civil Liberties, Candide (1759) 
  • Montesquieu (1689-1755):  Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748) 
  • Denis Diderot (1713-1784):  The Encyclopedia 
  • Rouseau (1712-1778):  Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762) 
  • Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand” 
 
DEISM: 
  • Separation of God from Daily Life 
  • Deism:  God as the “Divine Watch Maker” 
  • Religion of Logic not Theology 
  • Toleration 
  • Voltaire on Religion 
 
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM: 
  • Definition:  Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment 
  • “Service to the State” 
  • Ties to Philosophes 
  • Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia) 
 
 
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