LECTURE OUTLINES--SECTION 2--CHAPTERS 20 & 21
CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD: 1500-1800
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:
CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
2) Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
3) Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1. Exploration of the Americas
2. Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727):
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
2) Scientific Method
3) Perfectibility of Humans
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
DEISM:
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
- Three Great Islamic Empires
- Ottoman Empire
- Safavid Empire
- Mughal Empire
- Rise and Decline
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
- The Rise of the Ottomans
- Golden Age—Selim I (r. 1512-1520) & Süleyman (r. 1520-1566)
- Organization of the Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Weaknesses
- Foreign Policy
- 18th Century Ottoman Empire & Decline
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:
- Origins of the Safavids
- Shah Isma’il I, (r. 1501-1524)
- Shi’ite Ideology
- Empire in Chaos—Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576)
- Abbas I, (r. 1587-1629)
- Safavid Economy
- Safavid Decline
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:
- Rise of the Mughal--Babur (1483-1530)
- Reign of Humayun (r. 1530-1556)
- Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Regency of Bayran Khan, Administration & Culture/“Divine Faith”
- Period of Internal Strife:
- Jahangir (1605-1627)
- Shah Jahan (1627-1658) & Culture
- Awrangzeb (1658-1707) & Resistance
- Decline of Mughals/European Dominance
CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
- 1500s: Europeans’ World View
- Influence on Science and Philosophy
2) Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
3) Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1. Exploration of the Americas
2. Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
- Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System
- Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System
- Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations
- Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits
- Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational
- Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations
- René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727):
- Early Discoveries
- Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687)
- Implications:
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
- Scientists not Anti-Religious
- New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans
- Implications
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
- Rational Approach to Thought
- Assumptions:
2) Scientific Method
3) Perfectibility of Humans
- Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t”
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
- Newton & the Scientific Method
- John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government”
- 1690: Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
- Emphasis on Reason/Logic
- Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship
- Problems in France
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Civil Liberties, Candide (1759)
- Montesquieu (1689-1755): Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748)
- Denis Diderot (1713-1784): The Encyclopedia
- Rouseau (1712-1778): Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762)
- Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand”
DEISM:
- Separation of God from Daily Life
- Deism: God as the “Divine Watch Maker”
- Religion of Logic not Theology
- Toleration
- Voltaire on Religion
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
- Definition: Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment
- “Service to the State”
- Ties to Philosophes
- Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia)