LECTURE  OUTLINES--SECTION  2--CHAPTERS  20  &  21

 CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD:  1500-1800
 
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:

• Three Great Islamic Empires
• Ottoman Empire
• Safavid Empire
• Mughal Empire
• Rise and Decline

 
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:

• The Rise of the Ottomans
• Golden Age—Selim I (r. 1512-1520) & Süleyman (r. 1520-1566)
• Organization of the Ottoman Empire
• Ottoman Weaknesses
• Foreign Policy
• 18th Century Ottoman Empire & Decline

 
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:

• Origins of the Safavids
• Shah Isma’il I, (r. 1501-1524)
• Shi’ite Ideology
• Empire in Chaos—Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576)
• Abbas I, (r. 1587-1629)
• Safavid Economy
• Safavid Decline

 
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:

• Rise of the Mughal--Babur (1483-1530)
• Reign of Humayun (r. 1530-1556)
• Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Regency of Bayran Khan, Administration & Culture/“Divine Faith”
• Period of Internal Strife:
• Jahangir (1605-1627)
• Shah Jahan (1627-1658) & Culture
• Awrangzeb (1658-1707) & Resistance
• Decline of Mughals/European Dominance

 
  
CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES 
 
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION: 

• 1500s:  Europeans’ World View 
• Influence on Science and Philosophy 

1)  Reliance on Own Intellect 
2)  Utilitarian Use of Knowledge 
3)  Universe Rational, Not Supernatural 
 
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES: 
1.  Exploration of the Americas 
2.  Helio-Centric Solar System 
 
IMPORTANT PERSONS: 
1.  Copernicus 
2.  Brahe 
3.  Kepler 
4.  Galileo 
5.  Newton 
 
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:” 

• Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System 
• Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System 
• Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations 
• Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits 
• Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational 
• Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations 
• René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine 

 
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): 

• Early Discoveries 
• Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687) 
• Implications: 

 
SCIENCE AND RELIGION: 

• Scientists not Anti-Religious 
• New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans 
• Implications 

 
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT” 
 
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: 

• Rational Approach to Thought 

• Assumptions: 

1)  Triumph of the Natural over the Supernatural 
2)  Scientific Method 
3)  Perfectibility of Humans 

• Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t” 

 
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY: 

• Newton & the Scientific Method 
• John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government” 
• 1690:  Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa” 

 
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS: 

• Emphasis on Reason/Logic 
• Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship 
• Problems in France 

 
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”: 

• Voltaire (1694-1778):  Civil Liberties, Candide (1759) 
• Montesquieu (1689-1755):  Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748) 
• Denis Diderot (1713-1784):  The Encyclopedia 
• Rouseau (1712-1778):  Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762) 
• Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand” 

 
DEISM: 

• Separation of God from Daily Life 
• Deism:  God as the “Divine Watch Maker” 
• Religion of Logic not Theology 
• Toleration 
• Voltaire on Religion 

 
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM: 

• Definition:  Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment 
• “Service to the State” 
• Ties to Philosophes 
• Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia)