Section  3  Lecture  Outlines:

CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
 TRANS-ATLANTIC   REVOLUTIONS:
    Wave of Revolution b/n 1775-1825
    Connections:
    Political
    Economic
    Enlightened Ideas
 
THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION:
    Seven Years’ War, Peace of Paris 1763
    Post-War Issues—N. America
    American Revolution (1775-1783)
    American Political Ideals:
    Locke—George III was Tyrannical
    Ideas of Trenchard and Gordon
    Conclusion of American Revolution
 
THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
THE  COMING  OF  THE  REVOLUTION:
    Nature of France b/f Revolution
    3 Key Issues:
            A)  Social Tensions—First, Second & Third Estates
            B)  Financial  Problems
            C) Administrative Weaknesses
 
THREE-PHASE  REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
    Moderate Phase (1789-1792)—Constitutional Monarchy—End Old Regime
    Radical Phase (1792-1794)—Abolition of the Monarchy—Creation of Republic—Reign of Terror
    Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)—Moderation of Revolution/Republic
 
PHASE I:  MODERATE REVOLUTION:
THE  ESTATES  GENERAL  AND  THE BEGINNING  OF  THE  REVOLUTION:
    Economic Crisis and the Summoning of the Estates General
    Grievances--Cahiers de Dolances
    Siéyès and the Third Estate
    Formation of the National Assembly
    “Tennis Court Oath”—Beginning of the Revolution
 
 
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
    Spread of Revolution—“First Stage”—(Moderate)
            1. Bastille (14 July 1789)
            2. “Great Fear”
            3. 27 Aug. 1789:  Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
            4. 5 Oct. 1789:  Women’s March on Versailles
            5. Secularization of the Church
            6. Constitution
 
PHASE II:  POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
 Causes of Radicalization:
            1.  Disillusionment/Continued Economic Problems
            2.  Death of Moderate Leaders
            3.  “Flight to Verannes”
            4.  Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
    The Jacobins/Girondins
    War w/Austria & Prussia—20 April 1792 (First Coalition)—Duke of Brunswick
    Toward a Republic—Radicals Jacobins (Mountain) & National Convention
 
“REPUBLIC  OF  VIRTUE”:
    Sept. Massacre (1792)
    “Second Revolution”--Sans-Culottes
    Abolition of Monarchy/Proclamation of “Republic of Virtue” (1792-1794)
    Jan. 21, 1793:  Louis XVI Executed
    Creation of a New Society
 
 
THE  REIGN  OF  TERROR:
    Committee of Public Safety—Danton, Robespierre
    Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794)
    “Thermidorian Reaction”—Moderation
    Constitution of 1795/Directory
    Oct. 1795: Paris Uprising
 
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON:
    Childhood/Early Life & Skills
    1795: Suppression of Royalist Revolt in Paris
    1796-99:  Italian, Swiss & Egyptian  Campaigns
    1799:  The Coup d’Etat
    Consulate, 1799-1804—Reforms
            1) Concordat w/Church, 1801
            2) Economic Reform
            3) Code Napoleon
            4) Educational Reform
 
NAPOLEON’S  EMPIRE:
    1804—Emperor/The Napoleonic Empire—Renewed War
    Oct. 21, 1805:  Battle of Trafalgar—Fr. Defeated
    Continental System
    Spanish Campaign
    Russian Campaign 1812/13
    Defeat of Napoleon 1814/1815
 
CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA:
    “Restore Europe”
    Important Persons:  Alexander I (Rus)*, Metternich (Aus)*, Castlereagh/Duke of Wellington (GB), Tallyrand (Fr.)
    Views of Alexander (Liberal)
    Views of Metternich (Conservative)
    Negotiations at Vienna
    Napoleon’s “100 Days” and Battle of Waterloo
 
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
    Nature of Latin American Independence
Three Issues:
    Economic—Monopoly vs. Free Trade; Consolidation of Wealth
    Political Tensions—Colonial Administration
    Diverse Populations—Native Americans, Slaves, Creoles & Peninsulares
    Immediate Cause—Napoleonic Wars
    Haiti—Toussaint L’Ouverture
    South America—Jose de San Martín & Simón Bolivar
    Issues with Governing South American Countries--Caudillos
    Mexico—Hidalgo Uprising (1811) & Independence (1821)
    Brazil—Pedro I (Empire 1822) & Pedro II (r. 1825-1889)
    Results/Analysis of Latin America Independence
 
 
CHAPTER 23
Political consolidation in the 19th century Europe and the Americas: 

FORCES  OF  NATIONALISM  AND LIBERALISM:·     
Time of “isms”—i.e. New Ideologies·     
Other “isms” @ Congress of Vienna—Conservatism, Nationalism, & Liberalism·     
Romanticism·     
Nature & Individual Creativity·     
Importance of Unconstrained Individual Experience·     
Soul/Emotion of Community—i. e. Nationalism NATIONALISM:·     

NATION:  A large Group or Association of People who share a Similar Background, Culture, Language and/or Geographic Location.·     

NATIONALISM:  The Belief that One is Part of a “Nation,” defined as a Community with its own Language, Traditions, Customs, and History that distinguish it from other Nations and make it the Primary Focus of a Person’s Loyalty and Sense of Identity.·     

NATION BUILDING: The Political Implementation of “Nationalism”, the Translation of Sentiment into Political Power.·     

NATION-STATE:  A Political State based on and conforming to a Nationality 
DEFINITION  OF  LIBERALISM:·      Supported by Middle Classes·      Popular/Representative  Gov’t w/Limited Suffrage, Constitutional Rights of Individual·      Gov’t Passive Policeman·      Laissez Faire Economics·      Anti-Clerical—Religious Toleration·      Usually Nationalistic·      Opponents: Old Aristocratic Order, Conservative Peasants 

CHALLENGES  TO  CONSERVATISM  AFTER  VIENNA:·     
Restoration of Europe—i.e. Conservatism·     
Relative Success in Maintaining Conservative Order·     
“Concert of Europe”—Maintain Conservative Status Quo 

RUSSIA:·     
Nicholas I—Reactionary·     
1825: Russia/“Decembrists”·     
Official Nationalism—Orthodoxy, Autocracy & Nationality 

FRANCE  1815-1848:·     
Louis XVIII & “The Charter”·     
1820:  Assassination of the Duke of Berry·     
1824:  Charles X—Reactionary Policy·     
Revolt of 1830 & Middle Classes·     
Reign of Louis Philippe (July Monarchy)—1830-1848·     

GREAT  BRITAIN :·     
Support of Suppression of Riots (1815)·     
1819: “Peterloo”·     
Canning/Peel Reforms—Liberals & Parliamentary Reform·     
1832: Great Reform·     
“Chartism”·     
1860s/70s:  Liberal & Democratic Reforms of Disraeli & Gladstone·     
1880-1914:  Irish Question 

GERMANY  AND  ITALY  BEFORE  1848:
GERMANY:·     
J.G. Fichte·     
Nationalist Reform·     
Burschenschaften·     
Karlbad Decrees·     
Zollverein 

ITALY:·     
Risorgimento·     
Carbonari/Young Italy  

1848  REVOLUTIONS:·     
Causes of Discontent·     
Leaders of Revolution·     
France & Napoleon III·     

Habsburg Empire--
Hungary & Vienna·     

Germany--
Berlin & Frankfurt 

THE  AMERICAS:·     
Nation-Building in the United States·     
The United States & Popular Sovereignty·     
The American Civil War and Aftermath·     
Canada Federation  

ITALIAN  UNIFICATION:·     
Aftermath of 1848·     
Crimean War (1853-1856)·     
Nationalism and Risorgimento·     
Northern Unification Movement--Cavour·     
Southern Unification Movement--Garibaldi·     
1861:  Kingdom of Italy 

GERMAN  UNIFICATION:·     
Otto von Bismarck·     
Wars w/Denmark (1864), Austria (1866)·     
North German Confederation·     
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)·     
Proclamation of German Empire (Second Reich)—Jan. 18, 1871