CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
2) Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
3) Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1. Exploration of the Americas
2. Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
2) Scientific Method
3) Perfectibility of Humans
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
DEISM:
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
TRANS-ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS:
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
THE COMING OF THE REVOLUTION:
B) Financial Problems
C) Administrative Weaknesses
THREE-PHASE REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
PHASE I: MODERATE REVOLUTION:
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
2. “Great Fear”
3. 27 Aug. 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
4. 5 Oct. 1789: Women’s March on Versailles
5. Secularization of the Church
6. Constitution
PHASE II: POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
2. Death of Moderate Leaders
3. “Flight to Verannes”
4. Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
“REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE”:
THE REIGN OF TERROR:
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON:
2) Economic Reform
3) Code Napoleon
4) Educational Reform
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE:
CONGRESS OF VIENNA:
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
Three Issues:
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
- 1500s: Europeans’ World View
- Influence on Science and Philosophy
2) Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
3) Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1. Exploration of the Americas
2. Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
- Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System
- Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System
- Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations
- Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits
- Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational
- Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations
- René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine
- SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727):
- Early Discoveries
- Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687)
- Implications:
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
- Scientists not Anti-Religious
- New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans
- Implications
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
- Rational Approach to Thought
- Assumptions:
2) Scientific Method
3) Perfectibility of Humans
- Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t”
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
- Newton & the Scientific Method
- John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government”
- 1690: Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
- Emphasis on Reason/Logic
- Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship
- Problems in France
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Civil Liberties, Candide (1759)
- Montesquieu (1689-1755): Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748)
- Denis Diderot (1713-1784): The Encyclopedia
- Rouseau (1712-1778): Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762)
- Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand”
DEISM:
- Separation of God from Daily Life
- Deism: God as the “Divine Watch Maker”
- Religion of Logic not Theology
- Toleration
- Voltaire on Religion
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
- Definition: Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment
- “Service to the State”
- Ties to Philosophes
- Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia)
CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
TRANS-ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS:
- Wave of Revolution b/n 1775-1825
- Connections:
- Political
- Economic
- Enlightened Ideas
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
- Seven Years’ War, Peace of Paris 1763
- Post-War Issues—N. America
- American Revolution (1775-1783)
- American Political Ideals:
- Locke—George III was Tyrannical
- Ideas of Trenchard and Gordon
- Conclusion of American Revolution
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
THE COMING OF THE REVOLUTION:
- Nature of France b/f Revolution
- 3 Key Issues:
B) Financial Problems
C) Administrative Weaknesses
THREE-PHASE REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
- Moderate Phase (1789-1792)—Constitutional Monarchy—End Old Regime
- Radical Phase (1792-1794)—Abolition of the Monarchy—Creation of Republic—Reign of Terror
- Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)—Moderation of Revolution/Republic
PHASE I: MODERATE REVOLUTION:
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
- Economic Crisis and the Summoning of the Estates General
- Grievances--Cahiers de Dolances
- Siéyès and the Third Estate
- Formation of the National Assembly
- “Tennis Court Oath”—Beginning of the Revolution
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
- Spread of Revolution—“First Stage”—(Moderate)
2. “Great Fear”
3. 27 Aug. 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
4. 5 Oct. 1789: Women’s March on Versailles
5. Secularization of the Church
6. Constitution
PHASE II: POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
- Causes of Radicalization:
2. Death of Moderate Leaders
3. “Flight to Verannes”
4. Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
- The Jacobins/Girondins
- War w/Austria & Prussia—20 April 1792 (First Coalition)—Duke of Brunswick
- Toward a Republic—Radicals Jacobins (Mountain) & National Convention
“REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE”:
- Sept. Massacre (1792)
- “Second Revolution”--Sans-Culottes
- Abolition of Monarchy/Proclamation of “Republic of Virtue” (1792-1794)
- Jan. 21, 1793: Louis XVI Executed
- Creation of a New Society
THE REIGN OF TERROR:
- Committee of Public Safety—Danton, Robespierre
- Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794)
- “Thermidorian Reaction”—Moderation
- Constitution of 1795/Directory
- Oct. 1795: Paris Uprising
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON:
- Childhood/Early Life & Skills
- 1795: Suppression of Royalist Revolt in Paris
- 1796-99: Italian, Swiss & Egyptian Campaigns
- 1799: The Coup d’Etat
- Consulate, 1799-1804—Reforms
2) Economic Reform
3) Code Napoleon
4) Educational Reform
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE:
- 1804—Emperor/The Napoleonic Empire—Renewed War
- Oct. 21, 1805: Battle of Trafalgar—Fr. Defeated
- Continental System
- Spanish Campaign
- Russian Campaign 1812/13
- Defeat of Napoleon 1814/1815
CONGRESS OF VIENNA:
- “Restore Europe”
- Important Persons: Alexander I (Rus)*, Metternich (Aus)*, Castlereagh/Duke of Wellington (GB), Tallyrand (Fr.)
- Views of Alexander (Liberal)
- Views of Metternich (Conservative)
- Negotiations at Vienna
- Napoleon’s “100 Days” and Battle of Waterloo
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
- Nature of Latin American Independence
Three Issues:
- Economic—Monopoly vs. Free Trade; Consolidation of Wealth
- Political Tensions—Colonial Administration
- Diverse Populations—Native Americans, Slaves, Creoles & Peninsulares
- Immediate Cause—Napoleonic Wars
- Haiti—Toussaint L’Ouverture
- South America—Jose de San Martín & Simón Bolivar
- Issues with Governing South American Countries--Caudillos
- Mexico—Hidalgo Uprising (1811) & Independence (1821)
- Brazil—Pedro I (Empire 1822) & Pedro II (r. 1825-1889)
- Results/Analysis of Latin America Independence