FINAL  EXAMINATION  REVIEW:

Chapter 26 Review
INDIA, ISLAMIC HEARTLAND AND AFRICA
THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE
 
British Dominance and Colonial Rule: 

• How did British rule affect India? 
• Know the variety of methods used by the British to gain control over India 
• What was the Mutiny of 1857, and what was its historical significance? 
• Understand the relationships between the British and their Indian subjects 

 
 From British Crown Raj to Independence: 

• What role did Gandhi play in ending British rule in India? 
• Know the changes in the relationship between the British and their Indian subjects after 1857 
• In what ways did Indians resisted British rule? 
• What were the major political movements for Indian independence and who were the leaders of each? 
• Understand Gandhi’s concept of svarāj 
• What were the divisions within Indian society that hampered unified resistance to the British? 

   
 THE ISLAMIC EXPERIENCE 
 Islamic Responses to Declining Power and Independence: 

• Why did Islamic reform movements arise during the eighteenth century? 
• Know the reasons for the decline of Islamic preeminence 
• Understand the debates among Islamic leaders about how to respond to emerging Western dominance 
• What was the ideology of the Wahhabis? 

 
Western Political and Economic Encroachment: 

• Why is the invasion of Egypt by Napoleon’s army in 1798 symbolically important? 
• How did Western powers gain economic and political power within the Islamic empire? 
• What was the historical significance of Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt? 
• How did Western influences impact Iran 
• Know how government opponents resisted the Qajar Shah’s cooperation with the British and how this resistance affected Iranian society 

   
Islamic Responses to Foreign Encroachment: 

• What were three typical Islamic reactions to Western encroachment? 
• What was the success of Islamic efforts to emulate Western ideas and institutions? 
• How did some Islamic leaders attempted to integrate Western and Islamic ideas 
• Know how women became involved in the Islamic reform movements of the late 1800s and early 1900s and what they did 
• What were the ideologies of the leaders who wished to purify or revive Islam in the face of Western intervention? 
• Know the rise of nationalist movements in the Islamic world 

 
 THE AFRICAN EXPERIENCE 

• New Power Centers and Islamic Reform Movements 
• What was the mfecane? 
• Define the mfecane, and explain the reasons for its occurrence 
• Describe the economic developments in East and Central Africa during the 1800s 
• Explain the consequences of the decline of the slave trade in West Africa during the 1800s 
• Describe the jihad movements that spread across Africa during the nineteenth century 
• Explain the ideology of Usman Dan Fodio 

 
Patterns in European Colonization and African Resistance 

• How did Africans resist European colonialism? 
• Explain the consequences of increased European intervention in Africa 
• Describe the motivations of European explorers of Africa 
• Contrast the trends in relationships between missionaries and native Africans with those between explorers and native Africans 
• Describe the reasons for increased European involvement in Africa after 1880 
• Evaluate the nature of European colonial rule over Africa 
• Describe the roles African leaders played in colonial rule 
• Explain and evaluate the methods of African resistance to European rule 

 
 The Rise of African Nationalism 

• How did artificial colonial boundaries become important to postindependence Africa? 
• Explain the factors that led to the rise of African nationalism 
• Describe some of the factors that worked against the rise of African nationalism 
• Explain the ideological origins of critiques of Western treatment of African colonies 

 
 modernity                        Mahdi                                    Atatürk 
 Ram Mohan Roy                        Mohandas K. Gandhi            Shaka  
 Tanzimat                        Muhammad Iqbal                        jihad   
 raj                                    pashas                                    Boers 
 Revolt of 1857                        mfecane                                    scramble for Africa 
 East India Company            bazaari                                    cantonments                         
 svarāj                                    al-Afghani                        Indian National Congress 
 Great Trek                        indirect rule                        Mau Mau 
 mujtahid                                    Negritude                        pan-Islamism 
 Wahhabis 
 
CHAPTER 27 – MODERN EAST ASIA
MODERN CHINA (1839–1949)
Close of Manchu Rule: 

• What were the most serious threats to Manchu rule in the nineteenth century? 
• Know the reasons for and consequences of the Opium War 
• What was the ideology behind the Taiping Rebellion and the reasons for its successes and ultimate failure? 
• What was the strength of the Chinese government in the late nineteenth century? 
• What was the role of treaty ports in Chinese society? 
• Understand the relationship between China and its borderlands 

  
From Dynasty to Warlordism (1895–1926): 

• Who were the key figures in the revolution of 1911? 
• What were the reasons for the Chinese reluctance to reform? 
• Know the historical significance of the Boxer Rebellion 
• What were the reforms proposed and implemented in China during the early twentieth century? 

 
Cultural and Ideological Ferment: The May Fourth Movement: 

• Why was Marxism-Leninism so appealing to Chinese intellectuals? 
• What were the dominant modes of thought that permeated China in the century after the Opium War? 
• What was the importance of the May Fourth Movement? 
• Know the ideologies that shaped the thought of Chinese intellectuals during the 1920s 

  
Nationalist China: 

• Who was Jiang Jieshi? 
• Know the reasons for the rise of the Nationalist Party in China 
• Understand the ideologies and ruling methods of Jiang Jieshi 
• What were the causes of the Chinese Communist Party’s rise to power? 

  
MODERN JAPAN (1853–1945)
 
Overthrow of the Tokugawa Bakufu (1853–1868): 

• What role did the Chōshū and Satsuma play in the overthrow of Tokugawa rule? 
• Know the changes in Japanese politics in the aftermath of opening Japan to foreign influence 
• What were the conflicts between the bakufu and the Japanese court? 
• Understand the cultural shift in the way the Japanese saw themselves after the opening of Japan 

 
Building the Meiji State (1868-1890): 

• What powers did the Meiji constitution give to the emperor? 
• What were the political concerns of those who built Japan’s Meiji government? 
• What were the social changes the Meiji government effected on Japanese society? 
• Know the role political parties played during the early years of the Meiji government 
• How was power distributed in the Japanese constitution? 

  
Growth of a Modern Economy: 

• Why did Japan set out to build a modern economy? 
• How did Meiji reforms changed the Japanese economy? 
• Know how the government worked to develop modern industries 
• What were some of the social costs of modernization in Japanese society 

 
The Politics of Imperial Japan (1890-1945): 

• How did political parties develop in Japan? 
• Know the primary points of political dispute during the early years of the Meiji system 
• Understand the reasons for Japan’s emergence as a world power 
• Know the alternate conceptions of government that emerged in Japan during the early twentieth century 
• What was the impact of liberalism on Japan during the early twentieth century? 
• Know the reasons for rising militarism in Japan during the 1920s and 1930s 

 
Japanese Militarism and German Nazism: 

• How was Japan similar to and different from Germany during this period? 
• What were the similarities between the Japanese militarist state and Nazi Germany? 
• Understand the contrasts between the Japanese and German regimes of the World War II era 

 
TERMS:
Sun Zhongshan
Hara Takashi
Guomindang

Opium War
Boxer Rebellion
“Long March”

May Fourth Movement
New Youth
Zeng Guofan

Jiang Jieshi
Zaibatsu
New Life Movement

Treaty Ports
Mao Zedong
Diet

Self-Strengthening
Meiji Restoration           
Taiping Rebellion 

Tōjō Hideki
Tripartite Pact
Ti-yong