SECTION  3  OUTLINES

CHAPTER 23
Political consolidation in the 19th century Europe and the Americas: 

FORCES  OF  NATIONALISM  AND LIBERALISM:·     
Time of “isms”—i.e. New Ideologies·     
Other “isms” @ Congress of Vienna—Conservatism, Nationalism, & Liberalism·     
Romanticism·     
Nature & Individual Creativity·     
Importance of Unconstrained Individual Experience·     
Soul/Emotion of Community—i. e. Nationalism NATIONALISM:·     

NATION:  A large Group or Association of People who share a Similar Background, Culture, Language and/or Geographic Location.·     

NATIONALISM:  The Belief that One is Part of a “Nation,” defined as a Community with its own Language, Traditions, Customs, and History that distinguish it from other Nations and make it the Primary Focus of a Person’s Loyalty and Sense of Identity.·     

NATION BUILDING: The Political Implementation of “Nationalism”, the Translation of Sentiment into Political Power.·     

NATION-STATE:  A Political State based on and conforming to a Nationality 
DEFINITION  OF  LIBERALISM:·      Supported by Middle Classes·      Popular/Representative  Gov’t w/Limited Suffrage, Constitutional Rights of Individual·      Gov’t Passive Policeman·      Laissez Faire Economics·      Anti-Clerical—Religious Toleration·      Usually Nationalistic·      Opponents: Old Aristocratic Order, Conservative Peasants 

CHALLENGES  TO  CONSERVATISM  AFTER  VIENNA:·     
Restoration of Europe—i.e. Conservatism·     
Relative Success in Maintaining Conservative Order·     
“Concert of Europe”—Maintain Conservative Status Quo 

RUSSIA:·     
Nicholas I—Reactionary·     
1825: Russia/“Decembrists”·     
Official Nationalism—Orthodoxy, Autocracy & Nationality 

FRANCE  1815-1848:·     
Louis XVIII & “The Charter”·     
1820:  Assassination of the Duke of Berry·     
1824:  Charles X—Reactionary Policy·     
Revolt of 1830 & Middle Classes·     
Reign of Louis Philippe (July Monarchy)—1830-1848·     

GREAT  BRITAIN :·     
Support of Suppression of Riots (1815)·     
1819: “Peterloo”·     
Canning/Peel Reforms—Liberals & Parliamentary Reform·     
1832: Great Reform·     
“Chartism”·     
1860s/70s:  Liberal & Democratic Reforms of Disraeli & Gladstone·     
1880-1914:  Irish Question 

GERMANY  AND  ITALY  BEFORE  1848:
GERMANY:·     
J.G. Fichte·     
Nationalist Reform·     
Burschenschaften·     
Karlbad Decrees·     
Zollverein 

ITALY:·     
Risorgimento·     
Carbonari/Young Italy  

1848  REVOLUTIONS:·     
Causes of Discontent·     
Leaders of Revolution·     
France & Napoleon III·     

Habsburg Empire--
Hungary & Vienna·     

Germany--
Berlin & Frankfurt 

THE  AMERICAS:·     
Nation-Building in the United States·     
The United States & Popular Sovereignty·     
The American Civil War and Aftermath·     
Canada Federation  

ITALIAN  UNIFICATION:·     
Aftermath of 1848·     
Crimean War (1853-1856)·     
Nationalism and Risorgimento·     
Northern Unification Movement--Cavour·     
Southern Unification Movement--Garibaldi·     
1861:  Kingdom of Italy 

GERMAN  UNIFICATION:·     
Otto von Bismarck·     
Wars w/Denmark (1864), Austria (1866)·     
North German Confederation·     
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)·     
Proclamation of German Empire (Second Reich)—Jan. 18, 1871  
 
CHAPTER 24
NORTHERN  TRANSATLANTIC  ECONOMY AND  SOCIETY
1815-1914
 
INDUSTRY  AND  THE  WORKING CLASS:
Industrialization after 1815
“Proletarianization” of Society
“PROLETARINIZATION”
The Process whereby independent Artisans and Factory Workers lose Control of the Means of Production and of the Conduct of their own Trades to the Owners of Capital
The Working Class (Proletariat)
The Middle Class (Bourgeoisie)
 
WOMEN  IN  THE  19TH  CENTURY:
Working Class Women Experience
Middle Class Women Experience
Barriers for Women:
Property Rights
Family Law
Educational Opportunities
 
ECONOMIC  PHILOSOPHY:
Classical Economic Theory:  19th Century Middle-Class Liberal Economic Outlook
Economic Individualism
Laissez-Faire Economics
Obedience to Natural Law
Freedom of Contract
Free Competition/Free Trade
 
ECONOMIC  PHILOSOPHY:
Rise of Unions
Socialism:
Utopian Socialism
Anarchism
Scientific Socialism—Marx & Engels:  “Communist Manifesto” (1848)
 
SOCIALISM:
Purist & Revision of Socialism
Germany:  Bismarck & the Socialists (SPD)
Great Britain:  Labour & Fabian Society
Russia:  Reform/Revolutionary Movement
Lenin & Bolshevism
Revolution of 1905
 
UNITED STATES:
Reform Movement & Progressivism—Roosevelt, Taft & Wilson
 
MODERN THOUGHT:
Darwin--Origins of Species (1859)
Changing View of Universe
Spencer—Social Darwinism
Freud—Psychoanalysis
Nietzsche—“Will of Power”/Übermensch
Physics/Planck & Einstein—Relativity
 
RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENT:
Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Alexander II (1855-1881) & Reform—Serf Emancipation (1861)
Reform/Revolutionary Movement—Peoples’ Will (1870s/1880s)
Alexander III—Reactionary