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powerpoint  outlines--section  2,  chapters 22-23

SECTION 2 POWERPOINT OUTLINES
 
 
CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
 
TRANS-ATLANTIC   REVOLUTIONS:
·      Wave of Revolution b/n 1775-1825
·      Connections:
1.     Political
2.     Economic
3.     Enlightened Ideas
 
THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
 
THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION:
·      Seven Years’ War, Peace of Paris 1763
·      Post-War Issues—N. America
·      American Revolution (1775-1783)
·      American Political Ideals: 
·      Locke—George III was Tyrannical
·      Ideas of Trenchard and Gordon
·      Conclusion of American Revolution
 
THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
 
THE  COMING  OF  THE  REVOLUTION:
·      Nature of France b/f Revolution
·      3 Key Issues:
            A)  Social Tensions—First, Second & Third Estates
            B)  Financial  Problems
            C) Administrative Weaknesses
 
THREE-PHASE  REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
1.     Moderate Phase (1789-1792)—Constitutional Monarchy—End Old Regime
2.     Radical Phase (1792-1794)—Abolition of the Monarchy—Creation of Republic—Reign of Terror
3.     Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)—Moderation of Revolution/Republic
 
PHASE I:  MODERATE REVOLUTION:
 
THE  ESTATES  GENERAL  AND  THE BEGINNING  OF  THE  REVOLUTION:
·      Economic Crisis and the Summoning of the Estates General
·      Grievances--Cahiers de Dolances
·      Siéyès and the Third Estate
·      Formation of the National Assembly
·      “Tennis Court Oath”—Beginning of the Revolution
 
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
·      Spread of Revolution—“First Stage”—(Moderate)
            1. Bastille (14 July 1789)
            2. “Great Fear”
            3. 27 Aug. 1789:  Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
            4. 5 Oct. 1789:  Women’s March on Versailles
            5. Secularization of the Church
            6. Constitution
 
PHASE II:  POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
·      Causes of Radicalization:
            1.  Disillusionment/Continued Economic Problems
            2.  Death of Moderate Leaders
            3.  “Flight to Verannes”
            4.  Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
·      The Jacobins/Girondins
·      War w/Austria & Prussia—20 April 1792 (First Coalition)—Duke of Brunswick
·      Toward a Republic—Radicals Jacobins (Mountain) & National Convention
 
“REPUBLIC  OF  VIRTUE”:
·      Sept. Massacre (1792)
·      “Second Revolution”--Sans-Culottes
·      Abolition of Monarchy/Proclamation of “Republic of Virtue” (1792-1794)
·      Jan. 21, 1793:  Louis XVI Executed
·      Creation of a New Society
 
THE  REIGN  OF  TERROR:
·      Committee of Public Safety—Danton, Robespierre
·      Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794)
·      “Thermidorian Reaction”—Moderation
·      Constitution of 1795/Directory
·      Oct. 1795: Paris Uprising
 
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
 
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
 
NAPOLEON:
·      Childhood/Early Life & Skills
·      1795: Suppression of Royalist Revolt in Paris
·      1796-99:  Italian, Swiss & Egyptian  Campaigns
·      1799:  The Coup d’Etat
·      Consulate, 1799-1804—Reforms
            1) Concordat w/Church, 1801
            2) Economic Reform
            3) Code Napoleon
            4) Educational Reform
 
NAPOLEON’S  EMPIRE:
·      1804—Emperor/The Napoleonic Empire—Renewed War
·      Oct. 21, 1805:  Battle of Trafalgar—Fr. Defeated
·      Continental System
·      Spanish Campaign
·      Russian Campaign 1812/13
·      Defeat of Napoleon 1814/1815
 
CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA:
·      “Restore Europe”
·      Important Persons:  Alexander I (Rus)*, Metternich (Aus)*, Castlereagh/Duke of Wellington (GB), Tallyrand (Fr.)
·      Views of Alexander (Liberal)
·      Views of Metternich (Conservative)
·      Negotiations at Vienna
·      Napoleon’s “100 Days” and Battle of Waterloo
 
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
·      Nature of Latin American Independence
 
Three Issues:
1.     Economic—Monopoly vs. Free Trade; Consolidation of Wealth
2.     Political Tensions—Colonial Administration
3.     Diverse Populations—Native Americans, Slaves, Creoles & Peninsulares
·      Immediate Cause—Napoleonic Wars
·      Haiti—Toussaint L’Ouverture
·      South America—Jose de San Martín & Simón Bolivar
·      Issues with Governing South American Countries--Caudillos
·      Mexico—Hidalgo Uprising (1811) & Independence (1821)
·      Brazil—Pedro I (Empire 1822) & Pedro II (r. 1825-1889)
·      Results/Analysis of Latin America Independence
 
 
CHAPTER 23
Political consolidation in the 19th century Europe and the Americas: 

FORCES  OF  NATIONALISM  AND LIBERALISM:·     
Time of “isms”—i.e. New Ideologies·     
Other “isms” @ Congress of Vienna—Conservatism, Nationalism, & Liberalism·     
Romanticism·     
Nature & Individual Creativity·     
Importance of Unconstrained Individual Experience·     
Soul/Emotion of Community—i. e. Nationalism NATIONALISM:·     

NATION:  A large Group or Association of People who share a Similar Background, Culture, Language and/or Geographic Location.·     

NATIONALISM:  The Belief that One is Part of a “Nation,” defined as a Community with its own Language, Traditions, Customs, and History that distinguish it from other Nations and make it the Primary Focus of a Person’s Loyalty and Sense of Identity.·     

NATION BUILDING: The Political Implementation of “Nationalism”, the Translation of Sentiment into Political Power.·     

NATION-STATE:  A Political State based on and conforming to a Nationality 
DEFINITION  OF  LIBERALISM:·      Supported by Middle Classes·      Popular/Representative  Gov’t w/Limited Suffrage, Constitutional Rights of Individual·      Gov’t Passive Policeman·      Laissez Faire Economics·      Anti-Clerical—Religious Toleration·      Usually Nationalistic·      Opponents: Old Aristocratic Order, Conservative Peasants 

CHALLENGES  TO  CONSERVATISM  AFTER  VIENNA:·     
Restoration of Europe—i.e. Conservatism·     
Relative Success in Maintaining Conservative Order·     
“Concert of Europe”—Maintain Conservative Status Quo 

RUSSIA:·     
Nicholas I—Reactionary·     
1825: Russia/“Decembrists”·     
Official Nationalism—Orthodoxy, Autocracy & Nationality 

FRANCE  1815-1848:·     
Louis XVIII & “The Charter”·     
1820:  Assassination of the Duke of Berry·     
1824:  Charles X—Reactionary Policy·     
Revolt of 1830 & Middle Classes·     
Reign of Louis Philippe (July Monarchy)—1830-1848·     

GREAT  BRITAIN :·     
Support of Suppression of Riots (1815)·     
1819: “Peterloo”·     
Canning/Peel Reforms—Liberals & Parliamentary Reform·     
1832: Great Reform·     
“Chartism”·     
1860s/70s:  Liberal & Democratic Reforms of Disraeli & Gladstone·     
1880-1914:  Irish Question 

GERMANY  AND  ITALY  BEFORE  1848:
GERMANY:·     
J.G. Fichte·     
Nationalist Reform·     
Burschenschaften·     
Karlbad Decrees·     
Zollverein 

ITALY:·     
Risorgimento·     
Carbonari/Young Italy  

1848  REVOLUTIONS:·     
Causes of Discontent·     
Leaders of Revolution·     
France & Napoleon III·     

Habsburg Empire--
Hungary & Vienna
·     

Germany--
Berlin & Frankfurt
 

THE  AMERICAS:·     
Nation-Building in the United States·     
The United States & Popular Sovereignty·     
The American Civil War and Aftermath·     
Canada Federation  

ITALIAN  UNIFICATION:·     
Aftermath of 1848·     
Crimean War (1853-1856)·     
Nationalism and Risorgimento·     
Northern Unification Movement--Cavour·     
Southern Unification Movement--Garibaldi·     
1861:  Kingdom of Italy 

GERMAN  UNIFICATION:·     
Otto von Bismarck·     
Wars w/Denmark (1864), Austria (1866)·     
North German Confederation·     
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)·     
Proclamation of German Empire (Second Reich)—Jan. 18, 1871  

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