powerpoint outlines--section 2, chapters 22-23
SECTION 2 POWERPOINT OUTLINES
CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
TRANS-ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS:
· Wave of Revolution b/n 1775-1825
· Connections:
1. Political
2. Economic
3. Enlightened Ideas
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
· Seven Years’ War, Peace of Paris 1763
· Post-War Issues—N. America
· American Revolution (1775-1783)
· American Political Ideals:
· Locke—George III was Tyrannical
· Ideas of Trenchard and Gordon
· Conclusion of American Revolution
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
THE COMING OF THE REVOLUTION:
· Nature of France b/f Revolution
· 3 Key Issues:
A) Social Tensions—First, Second & Third Estates
B) Financial Problems
C) Administrative Weaknesses
THREE-PHASE REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
1. Moderate Phase (1789-1792)—Constitutional Monarchy—End Old Regime
2. Radical Phase (1792-1794)—Abolition of the Monarchy—Creation of Republic—Reign of Terror
3. Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)—Moderation of Revolution/Republic
PHASE I: MODERATE REVOLUTION:
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
· Economic Crisis and the Summoning of the Estates General
· Grievances--Cahiers de Dolances
· Siéyès and the Third Estate
· Formation of the National Assembly
· “Tennis Court Oath”—Beginning of the Revolution
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
· Spread of Revolution—“First Stage”—(Moderate)
1. Bastille (14 July 1789)
2. “Great Fear”
3. 27 Aug. 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
4. 5 Oct. 1789: Women’s March on Versailles
5. Secularization of the Church
6. Constitution
PHASE II: POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
· Causes of Radicalization:
1. Disillusionment/Continued Economic Problems
2. Death of Moderate Leaders
3. “Flight to Verannes”
4. Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
· The Jacobins/Girondins
· War w/Austria & Prussia—20 April 1792 (First Coalition)—Duke of Brunswick
· Toward a Republic—Radicals Jacobins (Mountain) & National Convention
“REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE”:
· Sept. Massacre (1792)
· “Second Revolution”--Sans-Culottes
· Abolition of Monarchy/Proclamation of “Republic of Virtue” (1792-1794)
· Jan. 21, 1793: Louis XVI Executed
· Creation of a New Society
THE REIGN OF TERROR:
· Committee of Public Safety—Danton, Robespierre
· Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794)
· “Thermidorian Reaction”—Moderation
· Constitution of 1795/Directory
· Oct. 1795: Paris Uprising
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON:
· Childhood/Early Life & Skills
· 1795: Suppression of Royalist Revolt in Paris
· 1796-99: Italian, Swiss & Egyptian Campaigns
· 1799: The Coup d’Etat
· Consulate, 1799-1804—Reforms
1) Concordat w/Church, 1801
2) Economic Reform
3) Code Napoleon
4) Educational Reform
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE:
· 1804—Emperor/The Napoleonic Empire—Renewed War
· Oct. 21, 1805: Battle of Trafalgar—Fr. Defeated
· Continental System
· Spanish Campaign
· Russian Campaign 1812/13
· Defeat of Napoleon 1814/1815
CONGRESS OF VIENNA:
· “Restore Europe”
· Important Persons: Alexander I (Rus)*, Metternich (Aus)*, Castlereagh/Duke of Wellington (GB), Tallyrand (Fr.)
· Views of Alexander (Liberal)
· Views of Metternich (Conservative)
· Negotiations at Vienna
· Napoleon’s “100 Days” and Battle of Waterloo
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
· Nature of Latin American Independence
Three Issues:
1. Economic—Monopoly vs. Free Trade; Consolidation of Wealth
2. Political Tensions—Colonial Administration
3. Diverse Populations—Native Americans, Slaves, Creoles & Peninsulares
· Immediate Cause—Napoleonic Wars
· Haiti—Toussaint L’Ouverture
· South America—Jose de San Martín & Simón Bolivar
· Issues with Governing South American Countries--Caudillos
· Mexico—Hidalgo Uprising (1811) & Independence (1821)
· Brazil—Pedro I (Empire 1822) & Pedro II (r. 1825-1889)
· Results/Analysis of Latin America Independence
CHAPTER 23
Political consolidation in the 19th century Europe and the Americas:
FORCES OF NATIONALISM AND LIBERALISM:·
Time of “isms”—i.e. New Ideologies·
Other “isms” @ Congress of Vienna—Conservatism, Nationalism, & Liberalism·
Romanticism·
Nature & Individual Creativity·
Importance of Unconstrained Individual Experience·
Soul/Emotion of Community—i. e. Nationalism NATIONALISM:·
NATION: A large Group or Association of People who share a Similar Background, Culture, Language and/or Geographic Location.·
NATIONALISM: The Belief that One is Part of a “Nation,” defined as a Community with its own Language, Traditions, Customs, and History that distinguish it from other Nations and make it the Primary Focus of a Person’s Loyalty and Sense of Identity.·
NATION BUILDING: The Political Implementation of “Nationalism”, the Translation of Sentiment into Political Power.·
NATION-STATE: A Political State based on and conforming to a Nationality
DEFINITION OF LIBERALISM:· Supported by Middle Classes· Popular/Representative Gov’t w/Limited Suffrage, Constitutional Rights of Individual· Gov’t Passive Policeman· Laissez Faire Economics· Anti-Clerical—Religious Toleration· Usually Nationalistic· Opponents: Old Aristocratic Order, Conservative Peasants
CHALLENGES TO CONSERVATISM AFTER VIENNA:·
Restoration of Europe—i.e. Conservatism·
Relative Success in Maintaining Conservative Order·
“Concert of Europe”—Maintain Conservative Status Quo
RUSSIA:·
Nicholas I—Reactionary·
1825: Russia/“Decembrists”·
Official Nationalism—Orthodoxy, Autocracy & Nationality
FRANCE 1815-1848:·
Louis XVIII & “The Charter”·
1820: Assassination of the Duke of Berry·
1824: Charles X—Reactionary Policy·
Revolt of 1830 & Middle Classes·
Reign of Louis Philippe (July Monarchy)—1830-1848·
GREAT BRITAIN :·
Support of Suppression of Riots (1815)·
1819: “Peterloo”·
Canning/Peel Reforms—Liberals & Parliamentary Reform·
1832: Great Reform·
“Chartism”·
1860s/70s: Liberal & Democratic Reforms of Disraeli & Gladstone·
1880-1914: Irish Question
GERMANY AND ITALY BEFORE 1848:
GERMANY:·
J.G. Fichte·
Nationalist Reform·
Burschenschaften·
Karlbad Decrees·
Zollverein
ITALY:·
Risorgimento·
Carbonari/Young Italy
1848 REVOLUTIONS:·
Causes of Discontent·
Leaders of Revolution·
France & Napoleon III·
Habsburg Empire--
Hungary & Vienna·
Germany--
Berlin & Frankfurt
THE AMERICAS:·
Nation-Building in the United States·
The United States & Popular Sovereignty·
The American Civil War and Aftermath·
Canada Federation
ITALIAN UNIFICATION:·
Aftermath of 1848·
Crimean War (1853-1856)·
Nationalism and Risorgimento·
Northern Unification Movement--Cavour·
Southern Unification Movement--Garibaldi·
1861: Kingdom of Italy
GERMAN UNIFICATION:·
Otto von Bismarck·
Wars w/Denmark (1864), Austria (1866)·
North German Confederation·
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)·
Proclamation of German Empire (Second Reich)—Jan. 18, 1871
CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
TRANS-ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS:
· Wave of Revolution b/n 1775-1825
· Connections:
1. Political
2. Economic
3. Enlightened Ideas
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
· Seven Years’ War, Peace of Paris 1763
· Post-War Issues—N. America
· American Revolution (1775-1783)
· American Political Ideals:
· Locke—George III was Tyrannical
· Ideas of Trenchard and Gordon
· Conclusion of American Revolution
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
THE COMING OF THE REVOLUTION:
· Nature of France b/f Revolution
· 3 Key Issues:
A) Social Tensions—First, Second & Third Estates
B) Financial Problems
C) Administrative Weaknesses
THREE-PHASE REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
1. Moderate Phase (1789-1792)—Constitutional Monarchy—End Old Regime
2. Radical Phase (1792-1794)—Abolition of the Monarchy—Creation of Republic—Reign of Terror
3. Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)—Moderation of Revolution/Republic
PHASE I: MODERATE REVOLUTION:
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
· Economic Crisis and the Summoning of the Estates General
· Grievances--Cahiers de Dolances
· Siéyès and the Third Estate
· Formation of the National Assembly
· “Tennis Court Oath”—Beginning of the Revolution
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
· Spread of Revolution—“First Stage”—(Moderate)
1. Bastille (14 July 1789)
2. “Great Fear”
3. 27 Aug. 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
4. 5 Oct. 1789: Women’s March on Versailles
5. Secularization of the Church
6. Constitution
PHASE II: POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
· Causes of Radicalization:
1. Disillusionment/Continued Economic Problems
2. Death of Moderate Leaders
3. “Flight to Verannes”
4. Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
· The Jacobins/Girondins
· War w/Austria & Prussia—20 April 1792 (First Coalition)—Duke of Brunswick
· Toward a Republic—Radicals Jacobins (Mountain) & National Convention
“REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE”:
· Sept. Massacre (1792)
· “Second Revolution”--Sans-Culottes
· Abolition of Monarchy/Proclamation of “Republic of Virtue” (1792-1794)
· Jan. 21, 1793: Louis XVI Executed
· Creation of a New Society
THE REIGN OF TERROR:
· Committee of Public Safety—Danton, Robespierre
· Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794)
· “Thermidorian Reaction”—Moderation
· Constitution of 1795/Directory
· Oct. 1795: Paris Uprising
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON:
· Childhood/Early Life & Skills
· 1795: Suppression of Royalist Revolt in Paris
· 1796-99: Italian, Swiss & Egyptian Campaigns
· 1799: The Coup d’Etat
· Consulate, 1799-1804—Reforms
1) Concordat w/Church, 1801
2) Economic Reform
3) Code Napoleon
4) Educational Reform
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE:
· 1804—Emperor/The Napoleonic Empire—Renewed War
· Oct. 21, 1805: Battle of Trafalgar—Fr. Defeated
· Continental System
· Spanish Campaign
· Russian Campaign 1812/13
· Defeat of Napoleon 1814/1815
CONGRESS OF VIENNA:
· “Restore Europe”
· Important Persons: Alexander I (Rus)*, Metternich (Aus)*, Castlereagh/Duke of Wellington (GB), Tallyrand (Fr.)
· Views of Alexander (Liberal)
· Views of Metternich (Conservative)
· Negotiations at Vienna
· Napoleon’s “100 Days” and Battle of Waterloo
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
· Nature of Latin American Independence
Three Issues:
1. Economic—Monopoly vs. Free Trade; Consolidation of Wealth
2. Political Tensions—Colonial Administration
3. Diverse Populations—Native Americans, Slaves, Creoles & Peninsulares
· Immediate Cause—Napoleonic Wars
· Haiti—Toussaint L’Ouverture
· South America—Jose de San Martín & Simón Bolivar
· Issues with Governing South American Countries--Caudillos
· Mexico—Hidalgo Uprising (1811) & Independence (1821)
· Brazil—Pedro I (Empire 1822) & Pedro II (r. 1825-1889)
· Results/Analysis of Latin America Independence
CHAPTER 23
Political consolidation in the 19th century Europe and the Americas:
FORCES OF NATIONALISM AND LIBERALISM:·
Time of “isms”—i.e. New Ideologies·
Other “isms” @ Congress of Vienna—Conservatism, Nationalism, & Liberalism·
Romanticism·
Nature & Individual Creativity·
Importance of Unconstrained Individual Experience·
Soul/Emotion of Community—i. e. Nationalism NATIONALISM:·
NATION: A large Group or Association of People who share a Similar Background, Culture, Language and/or Geographic Location.·
NATIONALISM: The Belief that One is Part of a “Nation,” defined as a Community with its own Language, Traditions, Customs, and History that distinguish it from other Nations and make it the Primary Focus of a Person’s Loyalty and Sense of Identity.·
NATION BUILDING: The Political Implementation of “Nationalism”, the Translation of Sentiment into Political Power.·
NATION-STATE: A Political State based on and conforming to a Nationality
DEFINITION OF LIBERALISM:· Supported by Middle Classes· Popular/Representative Gov’t w/Limited Suffrage, Constitutional Rights of Individual· Gov’t Passive Policeman· Laissez Faire Economics· Anti-Clerical—Religious Toleration· Usually Nationalistic· Opponents: Old Aristocratic Order, Conservative Peasants
CHALLENGES TO CONSERVATISM AFTER VIENNA:·
Restoration of Europe—i.e. Conservatism·
Relative Success in Maintaining Conservative Order·
“Concert of Europe”—Maintain Conservative Status Quo
RUSSIA:·
Nicholas I—Reactionary·
1825: Russia/“Decembrists”·
Official Nationalism—Orthodoxy, Autocracy & Nationality
FRANCE 1815-1848:·
Louis XVIII & “The Charter”·
1820: Assassination of the Duke of Berry·
1824: Charles X—Reactionary Policy·
Revolt of 1830 & Middle Classes·
Reign of Louis Philippe (July Monarchy)—1830-1848·
GREAT BRITAIN :·
Support of Suppression of Riots (1815)·
1819: “Peterloo”·
Canning/Peel Reforms—Liberals & Parliamentary Reform·
1832: Great Reform·
“Chartism”·
1860s/70s: Liberal & Democratic Reforms of Disraeli & Gladstone·
1880-1914: Irish Question
GERMANY AND ITALY BEFORE 1848:
GERMANY:·
J.G. Fichte·
Nationalist Reform·
Burschenschaften·
Karlbad Decrees·
Zollverein
ITALY:·
Risorgimento·
Carbonari/Young Italy
1848 REVOLUTIONS:·
Causes of Discontent·
Leaders of Revolution·
France & Napoleon III·
Habsburg Empire--
Hungary & Vienna·
Germany--
Berlin & Frankfurt
THE AMERICAS:·
Nation-Building in the United States·
The United States & Popular Sovereignty·
The American Civil War and Aftermath·
Canada Federation
ITALIAN UNIFICATION:·
Aftermath of 1848·
Crimean War (1853-1856)·
Nationalism and Risorgimento·
Northern Unification Movement--Cavour·
Southern Unification Movement--Garibaldi·
1861: Kingdom of Italy
GERMAN UNIFICATION:·
Otto von Bismarck·
Wars w/Denmark (1864), Austria (1866)·
North German Confederation·
Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)·
Proclamation of German Empire (Second Reich)—Jan. 18, 1871
