SECTION  2  OUTLINES:


CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD:  1500-1800
 
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
  • Three Great Islamic Empires
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Safavid Empire
  • Mughal Empire
  • Rise and Decline
 THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
  • The Rise of the Ottomans
  • Golden Age—Selim I (r. 1512-1520) & Süleyman (r. 1520-1566)
  • Organization of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ottoman Weaknesses
  • Foreign Policy
  • 18th Century Ottoman Empire & Decline
 THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:
  • Origins of the Safavids
  • Shah Isma’il I, (r. 1501-1524)
  • Shi’ite Ideology
  • Empire in Chaos—Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576)
  • Abbas I, (r. 1587-1629)
  • Safavid Economy
  • Safavid Decline
 MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:
  • Rise of the Mughal--Babur (1483-1530)
  • Reign of Humayun (r. 1530-1556)
  • Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Regency of Bayran Khan, Administration & Culture/“Divine Faith”
  • Period of Internal Strife:
  • Jahangir (1605-1627)
  • Shah Jahan (1627-1658) & Culture
  • Awrangzeb (1658-1707) & Resistance
  • Decline of Mughals/European Dominance
 CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
    1500s:  Europeans’ World View
    Influence on Science and Philosophy
            1)  Reliance on Own Intellect
            2)  Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
            3)  Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1.  Exploration of the Americas
2.  Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1.  Copernicus
2.  Brahe
3.  Kepler
4.  Galileo
5.  Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
    Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System
    Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System
    Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations
    Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits
    Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational
    Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations
    René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine
    SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727):
    Early Discoveries
    Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687)
    Implications:
 
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
    Scientists not Anti-Religious
    New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans
    Implications
 
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
 THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
    Rational Approach to Thought
    Assumptions:
            1)  Triumph of the Natural over the Supernatural
            2)  Scientific Method
            3)  Perfectibility of Humans
    Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t”
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
    Newton & the Scientific Method
    John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government”
    1690:  Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
    Emphasis on Reason/Logic
    Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship
    Problems in France
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
    Voltaire (1694-1778):  Civil Liberties, Candide (1759)
    Montesquieu (1689-1755):  Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748)
    Denis Diderot (1713-1784):  The Encyclopedia
    Rouseau (1712-1778):  Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762)
    Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand”
DEISM:
    Separation of God from Daily Life
    Deism:  God as the “Divine Watch Maker”
    Religion of Logic not Theology
    Toleration
    Voltaire on Religion
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
    Definition:  Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment
    “Service to the State”
    Ties to Philosophes
    Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia)
 
CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
 TRANS-ATLANTIC   REVOLUTIONS:
    Wave of Revolution b/n 1775-1825
    Connections:
    Political
    Economic
    Enlightened Ideas
 
THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
THE  AMERICAN  REVOLUTION:
    Seven Years’ War, Peace of Paris 1763
    Post-War Issues—N. America
    American Revolution (1775-1783)
    American Political Ideals:
    Locke—George III was Tyrannical
    Ideas of Trenchard and Gordon
    Conclusion of American Revolution
 
THE  FRENCH  REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
THE  COMING  OF  THE  REVOLUTION:
    Nature of France b/f Revolution
    3 Key Issues:
            A)  Social Tensions—First, Second & Third Estates
            B)  Financial  Problems
            C) Administrative Weaknesses
 
THREE-PHASE  REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
    Moderate Phase (1789-1792)—Constitutional Monarchy—End Old Regime
    Radical Phase (1792-1794)—Abolition of the Monarchy—Creation of Republic—Reign of Terror
    Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)—Moderation of Revolution/Republic
 
PHASE I:  MODERATE REVOLUTION:
THE  ESTATES  GENERAL  AND  THE BEGINNING  OF  THE  REVOLUTION:
    Economic Crisis and the Summoning of the Estates General
    Grievances--Cahiers de Dolances
    Siéyès and the Third Estate
    Formation of the National Assembly
    “Tennis Court Oath”—Beginning of the Revolution
 
 
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
    Spread of Revolution—“First Stage”—(Moderate)
            1. Bastille (14 July 1789)
            2. “Great Fear”
            3. 27 Aug. 1789:  Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
            4. 5 Oct. 1789:  Women’s March on Versailles
            5. Secularization of the Church
            6. Constitution
 
PHASE II:  POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
 Causes of Radicalization:
            1.  Disillusionment/Continued Economic Problems
            2.  Death of Moderate Leaders
            3.  “Flight to Verannes”
            4.  Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
    The Jacobins/Girondins
    War w/Austria & Prussia—20 April 1792 (First Coalition)—Duke of Brunswick
    Toward a Republic—Radicals Jacobins (Mountain) & National Convention
 
“REPUBLIC  OF  VIRTUE”:
    Sept. Massacre (1792)
    “Second Revolution”--Sans-Culottes
    Abolition of Monarchy/Proclamation of “Republic of Virtue” (1792-1794)
    Jan. 21, 1793:  Louis XVI Executed
    Creation of a New Society
 
 
THE  REIGN  OF  TERROR:
    Committee of Public Safety—Danton, Robespierre
    Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794)
    “Thermidorian Reaction”—Moderation
    Constitution of 1795/Directory
    Oct. 1795: Paris Uprising
 
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON:
    Childhood/Early Life & Skills
    1795: Suppression of Royalist Revolt in Paris
    1796-99:  Italian, Swiss & Egyptian  Campaigns
    1799:  The Coup d’Etat
    Consulate, 1799-1804—Reforms
            1) Concordat w/Church, 1801
            2) Economic Reform
            3) Code Napoleon
            4) Educational Reform
 NAPOLEON’S  EMPIRE:
    1804—Emperor/The Napoleonic Empire—Renewed War
    Oct. 21, 1805:  Battle of Trafalgar—Fr. Defeated
    Continental System
    Spanish Campaign
    Russian Campaign 1812/13
    Defeat of Napoleon 1814/1815
 
 
CONGRESS  OF  VIENNA:
    “Restore Europe”
    Important Persons:  Alexander I (Rus)*, Metternich (Aus)*, Castlereagh/Duke of Wellington (GB), Tallyrand (Fr.)
    Views of Alexander (Liberal)
    Views of Metternich (Conservative)
    Negotiations at Vienna
    Napoleon’s “100 Days” and Battle of Waterloo
 
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
    Nature of Latin American Independence
Three Issues:
    Economic—Monopoly vs. Free Trade; Consolidation of Wealth
    Political Tensions—Colonial Administration
    Diverse Populations—Native Americans, Slaves, Creoles & Peninsulares
    Immediate Cause—Napoleonic Wars
    Haiti—Toussaint L’Ouverture
    South America—Jose de San Martín & Simón Bolivar
    Issues with Governing South American Countries--Caudillos
    Mexico—Hidalgo Uprising (1811) & Independence (1821)
    Brazil—Pedro I (Empire 1822) & Pedro II (r. 1825-1889)
    Results/Analysis of Latin America Independence