SECTION 2 OUTLINES:
CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD: 1500-1800
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
- Three Great Islamic Empires
- Ottoman Empire
- Safavid Empire
- Mughal Empire
- Rise and Decline
- The Rise of the Ottomans
- Golden Age—Selim I (r. 1512-1520) & Süleyman (r. 1520-1566)
- Organization of the Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Weaknesses
- Foreign Policy
- 18th Century Ottoman Empire & Decline
- Origins of the Safavids
- Shah Isma’il I, (r. 1501-1524)
- Shi’ite Ideology
- Empire in Chaos—Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576)
- Abbas I, (r. 1587-1629)
- Safavid Economy
- Safavid Decline
- Rise of the Mughal--Babur (1483-1530)
- Reign of Humayun (r. 1530-1556)
- Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Regency of Bayran Khan, Administration & Culture/“Divine Faith”
- Period of Internal Strife:
- Jahangir (1605-1627)
- Shah Jahan (1627-1658) & Culture
- Awrangzeb (1658-1707) & Resistance
- Decline of Mughals/European Dominance
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
1500s: Europeans’ World View
Influence on Science and Philosophy
1) Reliance on Own Intellect
2) Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
3) Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1. Exploration of the Americas
2. Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System
Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations
Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits
Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations
René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727):
Early Discoveries
Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687)
Implications:
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
Scientists not Anti-Religious
New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans
Implications
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
Rational Approach to Thought
Assumptions:
1) Triumph of the Natural over the Supernatural
2) Scientific Method
3) Perfectibility of Humans
Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t”
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
Newton & the Scientific Method
John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government”
1690: Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
Emphasis on Reason/Logic
Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship
Problems in France
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
Voltaire (1694-1778): Civil Liberties, Candide (1759)
Montesquieu (1689-1755): Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748)
Denis Diderot (1713-1784): The Encyclopedia
Rouseau (1712-1778): Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762)
Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand”
DEISM:
Separation of God from Daily Life
Deism: God as the “Divine Watch Maker”
Religion of Logic not Theology
Toleration
Voltaire on Religion
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
Definition: Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment
“Service to the State”
Ties to Philosophes
Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia)
CHAPTER 22
REVOLUTION IN THE TRANS-ATLANTIC WORLD, 1775-1826
TRANS-ATLANTIC REVOLUTIONS:
Wave of Revolution b/n 1775-1825
Connections:
Political
Economic
Enlightened Ideas
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Life, Liberty, Pursuit of Happiness
THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION:
Seven Years’ War, Peace of Paris 1763
Post-War Issues—N. America
American Revolution (1775-1783)
American Political Ideals:
Locke—George III was Tyrannical
Ideas of Trenchard and Gordon
Conclusion of American Revolution
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION:
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
THE COMING OF THE REVOLUTION:
Nature of France b/f Revolution
3 Key Issues:
A) Social Tensions—First, Second & Third Estates
B) Financial Problems
C) Administrative Weaknesses
THREE-PHASE REVOLUTION:
Three Phases:
Moderate Phase (1789-1792)—Constitutional Monarchy—End Old Regime
Radical Phase (1792-1794)—Abolition of the Monarchy—Creation of Republic—Reign of Terror
Thermidorian Reaction (1794-1799)—Moderation of Revolution/Republic
PHASE I: MODERATE REVOLUTION:
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
Economic Crisis and the Summoning of the Estates General
Grievances--Cahiers de Dolances
Siéyès and the Third Estate
Formation of the National Assembly
“Tennis Court Oath”—Beginning of the Revolution
THE ESTATES GENERAL AND THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION:
Spread of Revolution—“First Stage”—(Moderate)
1. Bastille (14 July 1789)
2. “Great Fear”
3. 27 Aug. 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens
4. 5 Oct. 1789: Women’s March on Versailles
5. Secularization of the Church
6. Constitution
PHASE II: POPULAR REVOLUTION AND RADICALIZATION:
RADICALIZATION 1791-92:
Causes of Radicalization:
1. Disillusionment/Continued Economic Problems
2. Death of Moderate Leaders
3. “Flight to Verannes”
4. Declaration of Pilnitz (1791)
The Jacobins/Girondins
War w/Austria & Prussia—20 April 1792 (First Coalition)—Duke of Brunswick
Toward a Republic—Radicals Jacobins (Mountain) & National Convention
“REPUBLIC OF VIRTUE”:
Sept. Massacre (1792)
“Second Revolution”--Sans-Culottes
Abolition of Monarchy/Proclamation of “Republic of Virtue” (1792-1794)
Jan. 21, 1793: Louis XVI Executed
Creation of a New Society
THE REIGN OF TERROR:
Committee of Public Safety—Danton, Robespierre
Reign of Terror (Sept. 1793-July 1794)
“Thermidorian Reaction”—Moderation
Constitution of 1795/Directory
Oct. 1795: Paris Uprising
THERMIDORIAN REACTION:
NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
NAPOLEON:
Childhood/Early Life & Skills
1795: Suppression of Royalist Revolt in Paris
1796-99: Italian, Swiss & Egyptian Campaigns
1799: The Coup d’Etat
Consulate, 1799-1804—Reforms
1) Concordat w/Church, 1801
2) Economic Reform
3) Code Napoleon
4) Educational Reform
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE:
1804—Emperor/The Napoleonic Empire—Renewed War
Oct. 21, 1805: Battle of Trafalgar—Fr. Defeated
Continental System
Spanish Campaign
Russian Campaign 1812/13
Defeat of Napoleon 1814/1815
CONGRESS OF VIENNA:
“Restore Europe”
Important Persons: Alexander I (Rus)*, Metternich (Aus)*, Castlereagh/Duke of Wellington (GB), Tallyrand (Fr.)
Views of Alexander (Liberal)
Views of Metternich (Conservative)
Negotiations at Vienna
Napoleon’s “100 Days” and Battle of Waterloo
LATIN AMERICAN INDEPENDENCE:
Nature of Latin American Independence
Three Issues:
Economic—Monopoly vs. Free Trade; Consolidation of Wealth
Political Tensions—Colonial Administration
Diverse Populations—Native Americans, Slaves, Creoles & Peninsulares
Immediate Cause—Napoleonic Wars
Haiti—Toussaint L’Ouverture
South America—Jose de San Martín & Simón Bolivar
Issues with Governing South American Countries--Caudillos
Mexico—Hidalgo Uprising (1811) & Independence (1821)
Brazil—Pedro I (Empire 1822) & Pedro II (r. 1825-1889)
Results/Analysis of Latin America Independence