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Powerpoint  outline--Section 1,  chapters  19-21

CHAPTER 19—STATE BUILDING, SOCIETY AND THE RISE OF CONSTITUTIONALISM & ABSOLUTISM IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
1600-1740
 
NATURE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES:
  • Period of Transition in Europe—Political, Social and Economic
  • Emergence of Influential States: England, France, Russia, Austria and Prussia
 
DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL MODELS:
  • England:  Parliamentary Monarchy (Constitutional Monarchy)
  • France:  Absolutism (Absolute Monarchy)
 
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:
  • Religious
  • General Assemblies
  • Foreign Affairs
  • Personalities
  • Nobility
 
ENGLAND:
  • James I (r. 1603-1625) & Charles I (1625-1649)
  • English Civil War & Oliver Cromwell 1642-1651—English Republic 1651-1660
  • Restoration & Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
  • James II (r. 1685-1688)
  • “Glorious Revolution” 1688
  • William and Mary
 
ENGLAND (GREAT BRITAIN/U.K.):
  • George I (Hannover)
  • Issues George Faced
  • Robert Walpole—Tenure: “Let Sleeping Dogs Lie.”
  • England (Great Britain) as a Parliamentary Monarchy
 
FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM:
  • Absolutism
  • Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643), Cardinal Richelieu & French Policy
  • Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)
  • Domestic Policy—Edict of Nantes
  • Foreign Policy—Aggressive
  • Reign of Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)/Regency of Duke of Orleans—John Law
 
RUSSIA:
  • Peter the Great
  • Westernization of Russia
  • Centralization—Breaking Power of Streltsy & Boyars (Nobility)
  • Foreign Policy—St. Petersburg
  • Russia after Peter the Great
 
AUSTRIA/HABSBURGS:
  • Problems w/Empire:  Multi-National, Czech & Hungarian (Magyar) Nobility
  • Charles VI (r. 1711-1740), Maria Theresa & “Pragmatic Sanction”
 
(BRANDENBURG)-PRUSSIA:
  • Frederick William “The Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688)
  • King Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)—Kingdom of Prussia
  • King Frederick William I (1713-1740)
  • Military
 
LOUIS XIV & 18th CENTURY WARS:
WARS OF LOUIS XIV:
  • War of Devolution (1667-68)
  • War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97)
  • War of Spanish Succession (1701-13)
 
18th CENTURY WARS:
  • Nature of Wars:  Dynastic & Commercial/Colonial
  • Louis XIV Wars:
  • War of Jenkins’ Ear:  GB & Spain (1739-1748)
  • War of Austrian Succession:  Prus/Fra & Aus (1740-1748)
  • Diplomatic Rearrangement—1755-1756
  • Seven Years’ War:  GB/Prus & Fra/Aus/Rus ([1754] 1756-1763)
 
THE “OLD REGIME”:
  • Way of Life in 18th Century—Social, Political, Economic
  • Orders/Institutions
  • Rural Society: Nobility/Peasantry & Serfs
  • Family Economy
  • Peasant Rebellions
 
CHALLENGES TO THE OLD REGIME:
  • 18th Century Agricultural Revolution
  • Enclosure Movement—“Scientific Farming”
      1.  Jethro Tull (1674-1741)
      2.  Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674-1738)
      3.  Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)
  • Consequences/Rise of Capitalistic Farming
  • Urban Developments
  • Cities/Population Increase
  • Urban Society: Nobility, Bourgeoisie, Shop-keeper/Artisans, Poor—Guilds
  • Health and Sanitation
  • Pre-Industrial Developments
  • “Proto-Industry” (Domestic/Putting Out System)
  • Transportation Improvements
  • Commercial/Consumption Revolution
 
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
  • IR:  Shift from Cottage Industry to Workshop to Factory Industry
  • Origins in England
  • Industries:  Cotton Textiles, Iron, Steam Engine
  • Consequences of IR on Society
 
 
CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD:  1500-1800
 
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
  • Three Great Islamic Empires
  • Ottoman Empire
  • Safavid Empire
  • Mughal Empire
  • Rise and Decline
 
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
  • The Rise of the Ottomans
  • Golden Age—Selim I (r. 1512-1520) & Süleyman (r. 1520-1566)
  • Organization of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ottoman Weaknesses
  • Foreign Policy
  • 18th Century Ottoman Empire & Decline
 
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:
  • Origins of the Safavids
  • Shah Isma’il I, (r. 1501-1524)
  • Shi’ite Ideology
  • Empire in Chaos—Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576)
  • Abbas I, (r. 1587-1629)
  • Safavid Economy
  • Safavid Decline
 
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:
  • Rise of the Mughal--Babur (1483-1530)
  • Reign of Humayun (r. 1530-1556)
  • Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Regency of Bayran Khan, Administration & Culture/“Divine Faith”
  • Period of Internal Strife:
  • Jahangir (1605-1627)
  • Shah Jahan (1627-1658) & Culture
  • Awrangzeb (1658-1707) & Resistance
  • Decline of Mughals/European Dominance
 
  
CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES 
 
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION: 
  • 1500s:  Europeans’ World View 
  • Influence on Science and Philosophy 
1)  Reliance on Own Intellect 
2)  Utilitarian Use of Knowledge 
3)  Universe Rational, Not Supernatural 
 
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES: 
1.  Exploration of the Americas 
2.  Helio-Centric Solar System 
 
IMPORTANT PERSONS: 
1.  Copernicus 
2.  Brahe 
3.  Kepler 
4.  Galileo 
5.  Newton 
 
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:” 
  • Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System 
  • Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System 
  • Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations 
  • Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits 
  • Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational 
  • Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations 
  • René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine 
 
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727): 
  • Early Discoveries 
  • Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687) 
  • Implications: 
 
SCIENCE AND RELIGION: 
  • Scientists not Anti-Religious 
  • New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans 
  • Implications 
 
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT” 
 
THE ENLIGHTENMENT: 
  • Rational Approach to Thought 
  • Assumptions: 
1)  Triumph of the Natural over the Supernatural 
2)  Scientific Method 
3)  Perfectibility of Humans 
  • Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t” 
 
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY: 
  • Newton & the Scientific Method 
  • John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government” 
  • 1690:  Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa” 
 
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS: 
  • Emphasis on Reason/Logic 
  • Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship 
  • Problems in France 
 
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”: 
  • Voltaire (1694-1778):  Civil Liberties, Candide (1759) 
  • Montesquieu (1689-1755):  Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748) 
  • Denis Diderot (1713-1784):  The Encyclopedia 
  • Rouseau (1712-1778):  Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762) 
  • Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand” 
 
DEISM: 
  • Separation of God from Daily Life 
  • Deism:  God as the “Divine Watch Maker” 
  • Religion of Logic not Theology 
  • Toleration 
  • Voltaire on Religion 
 
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM: 
  • Definition:  Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment 
  • “Service to the State” 
  • Ties to Philosophes 
  • Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia) 
 
 

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