Powerpoint outline--Section 1, chapters 19-21
CHAPTER 19—STATE BUILDING, SOCIETY AND THE RISE OF CONSTITUTIONALISM & ABSOLUTISM IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
1600-1740
NATURE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES:
DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL MODELS:
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:
ENGLAND:
ENGLAND (GREAT BRITAIN/U.K.):
FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM:
RUSSIA:
AUSTRIA/HABSBURGS:
(BRANDENBURG)-PRUSSIA:
LOUIS XIV & 18th CENTURY WARS:
WARS OF LOUIS XIV:
18th CENTURY WARS:
THE “OLD REGIME”:
CHALLENGES TO THE OLD REGIME:
2. Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674-1738)
3. Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD: 1500-1800
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:
CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
2) Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
3) Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1. Exploration of the Americas
2. Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727):
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
2) Scientific Method
3) Perfectibility of Humans
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
DEISM:
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
1600-1740
NATURE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES:
- Period of Transition in Europe—Political, Social and Economic
- Emergence of Influential States: England, France, Russia, Austria and Prussia
DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL MODELS:
- England: Parliamentary Monarchy (Constitutional Monarchy)
- France: Absolutism (Absolute Monarchy)
CONTRIBUTING FACTORS:
- Religious
- General Assemblies
- Foreign Affairs
- Personalities
- Nobility
ENGLAND:
- James I (r. 1603-1625) & Charles I (1625-1649)
- English Civil War & Oliver Cromwell 1642-1651—English Republic 1651-1660
- Restoration & Charles II (r. 1660-1685)
- James II (r. 1685-1688)
- “Glorious Revolution” 1688
- William and Mary
ENGLAND (GREAT BRITAIN/U.K.):
- George I (Hannover)
- Issues George Faced
- Robert Walpole—Tenure: “Let Sleeping Dogs Lie.”
- England (Great Britain) as a Parliamentary Monarchy
FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM:
- Absolutism
- Louis XIII (r. 1610-1643), Cardinal Richelieu & French Policy
- Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)
- Domestic Policy—Edict of Nantes
- Foreign Policy—Aggressive
- Reign of Louis XV (r. 1715-1774)/Regency of Duke of Orleans—John Law
RUSSIA:
- Peter the Great
- Westernization of Russia
- Centralization—Breaking Power of Streltsy & Boyars (Nobility)
- Foreign Policy—St. Petersburg
- Russia after Peter the Great
AUSTRIA/HABSBURGS:
- Problems w/Empire: Multi-National, Czech & Hungarian (Magyar) Nobility
- Charles VI (r. 1711-1740), Maria Theresa & “Pragmatic Sanction”
(BRANDENBURG)-PRUSSIA:
- Frederick William “The Great Elector” (r. 1640-1688)
- King Frederick I (r. 1688-1713)—Kingdom of Prussia
- King Frederick William I (1713-1740)
- Military
LOUIS XIV & 18th CENTURY WARS:
WARS OF LOUIS XIV:
- War of Devolution (1667-68)
- War of the League of Augsburg (1688-97)
- War of Spanish Succession (1701-13)
18th CENTURY WARS:
- Nature of Wars: Dynastic & Commercial/Colonial
- Louis XIV Wars:
- War of Jenkins’ Ear: GB & Spain (1739-1748)
- War of Austrian Succession: Prus/Fra & Aus (1740-1748)
- Diplomatic Rearrangement—1755-1756
- Seven Years’ War: GB/Prus & Fra/Aus/Rus ([1754] 1756-1763)
THE “OLD REGIME”:
- Way of Life in 18th Century—Social, Political, Economic
- Orders/Institutions
- Rural Society: Nobility/Peasantry & Serfs
- Family Economy
- Peasant Rebellions
CHALLENGES TO THE OLD REGIME:
- 18th Century Agricultural Revolution
- Enclosure Movement—“Scientific Farming”
2. Charles “Turnip” Townsend (1674-1738)
3. Robert Bakewell (1725-1795)
- Consequences/Rise of Capitalistic Farming
- Urban Developments
- Cities/Population Increase
- Urban Society: Nobility, Bourgeoisie, Shop-keeper/Artisans, Poor—Guilds
- Health and Sanitation
- Pre-Industrial Developments
- “Proto-Industry” (Domestic/Putting Out System)
- Transportation Improvements
- Commercial/Consumption Revolution
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:
- IR: Shift from Cottage Industry to Workshop to Factory Industry
- Origins in England
- Industries: Cotton Textiles, Iron, Steam Engine
- Consequences of IR on Society
CHAPTER 20—ISLAMIC WORLD: 1500-1800
ISLAMIC WORLD, 1500-1800:
- Three Great Islamic Empires
- Ottoman Empire
- Safavid Empire
- Mughal Empire
- Rise and Decline
THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE:
- The Rise of the Ottomans
- Golden Age—Selim I (r. 1512-1520) & Süleyman (r. 1520-1566)
- Organization of the Ottoman Empire
- Ottoman Weaknesses
- Foreign Policy
- 18th Century Ottoman Empire & Decline
THE SAFAVID EMPIRE:
- Origins of the Safavids
- Shah Isma’il I, (r. 1501-1524)
- Shi’ite Ideology
- Empire in Chaos—Tahmasp I (r. 1524-1576)
- Abbas I, (r. 1587-1629)
- Safavid Economy
- Safavid Decline
MUGHAL EMPIRE IN INDIA:
- Rise of the Mughal--Babur (1483-1530)
- Reign of Humayun (r. 1530-1556)
- Akbar (r. 1556-1605), Regency of Bayran Khan, Administration & Culture/“Divine Faith”
- Period of Internal Strife:
- Jahangir (1605-1627)
- Shah Jahan (1627-1658) & Culture
- Awrangzeb (1658-1707) & Resistance
- Decline of Mughals/European Dominance
CHAPTER 21
THE SCIENTIFIC AND INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT OF THE 16th-18th CENTURIES
SCEINTIFIC REVOLUTION:
- 1500s: Europeans’ World View
- Influence on Science and Philosophy
2) Utilitarian Use of Knowledge
3) Universe Rational, Not Supernatural
INFLUENTIAL DISCOVERIES:
1. Exploration of the Americas
2. Helio-Centric Solar System
IMPORTANT PERSONS:
1. Copernicus
2. Brahe
3. Kepler
4. Galileo
5. Newton
“TOWARD A RATIONAL UNIVERSE:”
- Traditional View of Universe—Ptolemaic System
- Copernicus (1473-1543)--On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres--Helio-Centric Solar System
- Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)—Observations
- Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)--On Motion of Mars—Elliptical Orbits
- Galileo (1564-1642)—Nature is Rational
- Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)--Novum Organum (1620)—Empirical Observations
- René Descartes (1596-1650)—Theoretical Approach—Universe was a Machine
SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727):
- Early Discoveries
- Universal Gravity--Principia Mathematica (1687)
- Implications:
SCIENCE AND RELIGION:
- Scientists not Anti-Religious
- New Views of God and Universe—Rational God/Rationality of Humans
- Implications
THE “ENLIGHTENMENT AND ITS IMPACT”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT:
- Rational Approach to Thought
- Assumptions:
2) Scientific Method
3) Perfectibility of Humans
- Interest in Gov’t—“Logical Gov’t”
17th CENTURY PRECURSORS TO THE ENLIGHTEMENT MENTALITY:
- Newton & the Scientific Method
- John Locke & Questions of Relationships to Gov’t—1690 “2nd Treatise of Government”
- 1690: Essay Concerning Human Understanding—“Tabula Rasa”
THE ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES AND THEIR QUESTIONS:
- Emphasis on Reason/Logic
- Intense Interest in the Nature of Gov’t and Citizenship
- Problems in France
ENLIGHTENED “PHILOSOPHES”:
- Voltaire (1694-1778): Civil Liberties, Candide (1759)
- Montesquieu (1689-1755): Separation of Power--Spirit of the Laws (1748)
- Denis Diderot (1713-1784): The Encyclopedia
- Rouseau (1712-1778): Émile (1762) & Social Contract (1762)
- Adam Smith (1723-1790)—Wealth of Nations (1776)—“Invisible Hand”
DEISM:
- Separation of God from Daily Life
- Deism: God as the “Divine Watch Maker”
- Religion of Logic not Theology
- Toleration
- Voltaire on Religion
ENLIGHTENED ABSOLUTISM:
- Definition: Absolutism influenced by Enlightenment
- “Service to the State”
- Ties to Philosophes
- Enlightened Absolute Monarchs—Frederick the Great (Prussia); Maria Theresa, Joseph II (Austria); Catherine the Great (Russia)