EXAMINATION  2  REVIEW:

19th Century Europe--Exam 2 Review 

This examination will cover chapters 5 and 6 out of your text, The Revolutionary Era: 1789-1850, and will cover chapters 1 to 3 in your text, The Age of Nationalism and Reform, 1850-1890.  Make sure you read over those chapters thoroughly.  Also study over the notes from class.

National Politics from 1815-1848:
Great Britain:

  • What were the major issues facing GB after the end of the Napoleonic Wars?  What were the goals of the Middle Classes and the Lower Classes?  How did British liberals try to bring about reform?  What was the Peterloo Incident and How did the British government respond?  What were the major reform bills passed by Parliament in the 1830s?  Who benefited from these?  Who were the "Chartists" and what did they demand?  Be able to discuss the Luddites.  Why was Britain able to escape revolution in 1848?
France:

  • After the Napoleonic Wars, France entered a period of probation.  Describe the "rehabilitation" of France.  What was the "Charter" of Louis XVIII and whose interests did it serve?  Was it truly a reform and did it mask a monopoly on power held by the monarchy?  What phases did France go through between 1815 and 1830?  Why did Louis XVIII become conservative and roll back parts of the Charter?  Be able to describe the reign of Charles X.  Why did revolution break out in 1830 and who benefited most/least from it?  What were the major issues Louis Philippe (the July Monarch) faced during his reign?  Be able to identify the major faction in France and their outlook toward Louis Philippe.  Also be able to discuss the policies of Guizot and how they led toward the Revolution of 1848.
Germany (Prussia):

  • Describe the evolution of German nationalism from J. G. Fichte to 1848.  What were the arguments of Fichte and how did Germany/Prussia react?  What reforms were introduced in the immediate period after the Congress of Vienna?  How did these promote German nationalism?  Who were the Burschenschaften and what did they do?  Discuss the Karlsbad Decrees and what they meant in terms of German national unity.  Did the Conservatives defeat the Liberals at this point?  Know what the Zollverein was and how it contributed to German nationalism and the drive toward unity during the Vormaertz Era.
Italy:

  • Know what contributed to the rise of Italian nationalism.  What was the Risorgimento and how did it influence the Italian unification movement?
Russia:

  • Know how Alexander I reigned in Russia from 1815 to 1825.  What were his achievements?  Under what circumstances did Nicholas I become Tsar?  Who were the "Decembrists" and how did they tie into Nicholas' ascension to the throne?  What were the two major foreign policy questions Nicholas faced during his reign and how did he approach each--be sure to discuss the issues in the Near East and across Europe.  What was "Official Nationalism" and its goals.
Revolutions of 1848:

  • Know the major contributing factors that led to revolution in 1848--both long term and immediate issues.  Why were these important and how did the contribute to bring about revolution?
  • Be able to discuss the major revolution in Europe--i.e. France, Austria (Hapsburgs), Berlin and Frankfurt/Main. 
  • Did the French Revolution of 1848 succeed or fail?  How was it that France went from a Constitutional Monarchy to a Republic (2nd) and then to Empire (2nd)?
  • How did the Revolutions in the Austrian Empire differ from those in the rest of the German lands?  What issues were involved in the Vienna Revolution, Hungarian Revolution, etc.?
  • Discuss the Berlin and Frankfurt Revolution.  What were the goals of the Liberals and Nationalists?  Why did the Berlin Revolution nearly succeed?  Why did the Frankfurt Parliament fail?  Who were involved/not involved in each?  What role did that play in how events unfolded?  What was the condition of the German lands in the wake of 1848?
The Age of Nationalism and Reform, 1850-1890. 

Chapter 1--Revolution in Production:

  • We discussed the 2nd Industrial Revolution. 
  • Know what this was and how it affected Europe. 
  • Who emerged as the leaders of the 2nd Industrial Revolution? 
  • What industries developed at this time? 
  • How did it change the demographics of Europe? 
  • How did it further change European society?
Chapter 2--Intellectual and Cultural Climate:

  • Charles Darwin published his Origins of Species which initiated a major new intellectual current that went far beyond biology.  Many of the traditional ideas of science, and religion were challenged.  Furthermore, Evolution ("Evil-lution" to some) influenced the way individuals looked at business and society as a whole. 
  • Be able to discuss the impact of this intellectual current on European/Western Civilization. 
  • How did it affect art, etc.  Be able to discuss Nietzsche and his work. 
  • Also be familiar with the way Marx and Marxism challenged the Middle Classes during the second half of the 19th Century.
Chapter 3--New Demands upon the State:

  • I really will not address much in this chapter.  The chapter is quite short.  I would suggest that you read it.  However, use the information from this chapter to support ideas from the other chapter.  Don't break your neck over it though.
TERMS:

  1. Klemens von Metternich 
  2. Burschenschaften/Carlsbad Decree 
  3. The Charter/Chartists 
  4. Louis Philippe 
  5. Congress System/Concert of Europe 
  6. Decembrist Revolt   
  7. Nicholas I/"Official Nationality" 
  8. "Peterloo Massacre" 
  9. The Great Reform Bill 
  10. Saint-Simon 
  11. Zollverein  
  12. Francis Joseph 
  13. Giuseppe Garibaldi/ Count Cavour 
  14. Proletariat 
  15. Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)  
  16. Frankfurt Parliament/”Klein Deutsch Solution”  
  17. Frederick William IV 
  18. Sir Robert Peel 
  19. Banquets/Workshops (France)  
  20. English Factory Act 1833 
  21. National Workshop/June Days 
  22. Louis Kossuth 
  23. Pam-Slavic Congress